Thomas Paine Wikipedia
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First published Thu Jul 18, 2013; substantive revision Tue Sep 19, 2017

Thomas Paine (1632–1715) was a colonial American privateer who, during the late 17th century, raided several Spanish settlements. He participated in a raid with Jan Willems, looting Rio de la Hacha in 1680 as well as driving the French out of Block Island. See full list on plato.stanford.edu. Thomas Paine, political propagandist whose Common Sense pamphlet and Crisis papers influenced the American Revolution. His other prominent works included Rights of Man, a defense of the French Revolution and of republican principles, and The Age of Reason, an exposition of the place of religion in society.

Thomas Paine was a pamphleteer, controversialist and internationalrevolutionary. His Common Sense (1776) was a central textbehind the call for American independence from Britain; his Rightsof Man (1791–2) was the most widely read pamphlet in the movementfor reform in Britain in the 1790s and for the opening decades of thenineteenth century; he was active in the French Revolution and was amember of the French National Convention between 1792 and 1795; he isseen by many as a key figure in the emergence of claims for thestate’s responsibilities for welfare and educational provision, andhis Age of Reason provided a popular deist text that remainedinfluential throughout the 19^th century. In his ownlifetime, and subsequently, he has been extensively vilified and oftendismissed. Yet many of his ideas still command wide interest andenthusiasm in readers throughout the world.

2. Political Theory
Bibliography

1. Life

Thomas Paine was born on January 29, 1737 to a family of moderatemeans in Norfolk, England. His father was a Quaker and his mother anAnglican, and it is likely Paine was baptized into the Anglicanchurch. He had some schooling, although his father forbade him tolearn Latin, and at the age of twelve he was withdrawn from school andapprenticed to his father to learn the craft of staymaking. When hewas in his mid-teens, inspired by the romantic stories of naval lifeby one of his teachers, Paine twice ran away from home to sea. Thefirst time he was intercepted. The second time he enlisted on theprivateer, the King of Prussia. The exact sequence of eventsover the subsequent ten to fifteen years is unclear. He lived inLondon on and off, but also had periods in Sandwich and in Margate. Hecontinued periodically to ply his skills as a staymaker; he may havedone some preaching (in the Methodist persuasion); and in 1759 hemarried a Mary Lambert, who died the following year inchildbirth. Following his wife’s death, he sought his father-in-law’ssupport to take up a career in the excise service. He first served asan officer in December 1762, but in August 1765 he was dismissed. Tradition has it that this was for ‘stamping’—providing certificates for goods notinspected. New research (in Brent et al) suggests it may have been for whistleblowing. He wrote formally seeking re-admission tothe service, which was granted. While awaiting a posting he taughtschool in London. In 1768 he accepted a posting to Lewes, on the SouthCoast of England, and he took up lodgings with a Samuel Ollive, alocal tobacconist. In Lewes he became a member of the debatingsociety—the Headstrong Club—and he was also reputed as askater and player of bowls. Ollive died in July 1769, and Paine tooklodgings elsewhere. But he sustained his links with the family, and inMarch 1771 he married the daughter, Elizabeth Ollive (1741–1808) andestablished himself as part proprietor of the business. The followingyear he went to London to press the claims of the excisemen for higherpay. Although he returned to Lewes, he was sacked by the excise andhis marriage had failed, and he sold up his business. In the final settlement betweenPaine and his wife he was awarded £400. He headed to London,where he secured letters of introduction from Benjamin Franklin, whomhe had encountered on an earlier visit to the capital, and embarked inApril 1774 for the New World. He was carried ashore in Philadelphia inNovember 1774 suffering from putrid fever, but he survived.

In Philadelphia Paine developed an acquaintance with Robert Aitkin,a publisher and bookseller, who employed him to editthe Pennsylvania Magazine. There remains considerabledisagreement about which pieces in the Magazine were written by Paine,but it seems clear that he did contribute and that he developed areputation among political circles in Philadelphia as a result, atjust the time that tensions with Britain were reaching a crisispoint. In the autumn of 1775, encouraged by Benjamin Rush, Paine beganwork on a pamphlet defending the case of American independence. Hediscussed his work with Rush, David Rittenhouse, Benjamin Franklin,and Samuel Adams, but the work was his own (save for the title, forwhich Rush claimed responsibility). Common Sense (1776) wasthe most widely read pamphlet of the American Revolution. It was aclarion call for unity, against the corrupt British court, so as torealize America’s providential role in providing an asylum forliberty. Written in a direct and lively style, it denounced thedecaying despotisms of Europe and pilloried hereditary monarchy as anabsurdity. At a time when many still hoped for reconciliation withBritain, Common Sense demonstrated to many the inevitabilityof separation.

Paine consolidated his reputation as a pamphleteer with his seriesof American Crisis letters (1777–83); he also served in anumber of capacities for Congress and the PennsylvanianAssembly. Although he had links with the more radical elements ofPennsylvanian politics, he also committed his energies to a number ofmore elite projects—contributing to the establishment of theBank of America to help raise money for the war, and working withRobert Morris to encourage State Legislatures to accept the need forFederal taxation to support the war. Following the conclusion of thewar he was awarded a farm by the New York assembly, and Congress votedhim a grant of $3,000 for his services.

After the Revolution he dedicated his time to scientificexperiments, designing an iron bridge capable of spanning widedistances without the use of piers, experimenting with marsh gas withWashington, and attempting to produce a smokeless candle withFranklin. In 1787 he took a wooden model of his bridge to Paris, andsubsequently to England where an iron model of 110 feet was forged andconstructed for public display in a field near Paddington in May1790. He also became increasingly caught up in the initial events ofthe French revolution, thanks in part to his involvement with a groupof French intellectuals enabled by Thomas Jefferson (US Minister toFrance until late 1789). Paine contemplated writing a history of theFrench Revolution but he made slow progress—exacerbated by hispoor French. When Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution inFrance appeared in November 1790, he determined to answer it andturned his materials to that task. The result, Rights of Man(February/March 1791) coupled a narrative of French events with atrenchant attack on Burke and the Revolution Settlement of 1688. Itwas an immediate success, and brought Paine into the circles of thoseseeking to achieve parliamentary reform in Britain. He continued tovisit France and was in Paris in June 1791 in the immediate aftermathof Louis XVI’s flight to Varennes. He collaborated with a small group(including Nicholas Bonneville and the Marquis de Condorcet) toproduce a republican manifesto that was pasted on the walls of Paris,to the outrage of most members of the National Assembly. That movementwas firmly repressed at the Massacre of the Champs de Mars in July1791, by which time Paine was already back in Britain. But theoccasion marks a shift in his thinking—from seeing monarchy asan inevitable part of the institutional order in the corrupt states ofEurope, to thinking that the American model could be applied moregenerally throughout Europe. Where Rights of Man had shownconsiderable tolerance for France’s limited monarchy, his Rightsof Man: Part the Second (March 1792) was explicitly republicanand he drew extensively on his American experience in sketching thebasic principles of a largely self-regulating commercial society,coupled with representative government, the rule of law, and aperiodically renewable covenant. The final chapter, influenced by hisfriendship with Condorcet and other members of the Comitéde Mendicité, outlined a program for welfare provision forthe poor, aged, disabled and destitute.

The two part

Thomas Paine&#39;s Rights Of Man PDF Free Download

Thomas Paine's Rights Of Man PDF Free Download